Symptoms And Symptoms Of Acute Kidney Infection - 955 Words

During the second set of final clinical practice, I provided nursing care to the client with query sepsis and clostridium difficile as admitting diagnosis. The client had a history (Hx) of acute kidney infection (AKI) which led to dialysis. After resolving AKI, the patient went home, but soon returned to the hospital with severe diarrhea (5-6 episodes per day), confusion and symptoms of sepsis. Upon initial assessment, I found the patient oriented to name only, confused and lethargic, incontinent of urine and stool. The patient had bilateral crackles throughout the lung fields, gurgles upon exertion and tachypnea with respiratory rate 24-28. SpO2 level was within normal limits. The patient’s family reported that the current patient’s cognitive condition function was different from the baseline. The patient was difficult to arouse, with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 12-13. The heart rate was within normal limits, strong, irregular. Bilateral edema 2+ was present in lower legs, skin was warm to touch, pedal pulses palpable. The patient was on caloric count due to poor caloric intake. The family was frustrated because of recurrent hospitalization due to hospital-acquired infection and very concerned about possibility of poor outcome for the patient due to rapidly deteriorating general condition. My primary concern was the possible aspiration as evidenced by gurgles upon exertion. I elevated the head of bed and made sure that suctioning equipment was in place andShow MoreRelatedAcute Syndrome : Acute Nephritic Syndrome1165 Words   |  5 PagesAcute Nephritic Syndrome Introduction Acute nephritic syndrome is a group of symptoms that occurs with a few disorders that cause glomerulonephritis or swelling and inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney as shown in Figure 1. 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Persuasive Speach †Buy vs. Rent Free Essays

Project 4 Written Outline Even in this economy it is still better to buy a home then rent. I. Why pay rent and make the landlord richer when you can own your own home for basically the same monthly payment and reap the tax benefits yourself. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Speach – Buy vs. Rent or any similar topic only for you Order Now II. In 2006 I was faced with having to make the decision to buy or rent. After researching found I could buy a 4 bedroom house in a good area for same price of renting a 2 bedroom apartment. Also working for the government I knew the tax advantages I would get so I don’t have to tell you which decision I went with. III. Today I am going to show you that buying a house is a better choice then renting even in this unstable economy. IV. There are many programs that help people purchase a home. First time homebuyers even with bad credit can qualify. Do you know where to look? I will provide you with some internet sights that can be of assistance. V. There are many reasons why home buying is better than renting; the few that I will talk about are 1. Long term buying costs less on a yearly basis then renting. 2. Good financial investment and low interest rates and 3. Tax advantages Now that we are coming to a close on the semester some of you are going to be faced with the decision upon graduation as to whether you should buy or rent. I. If you have already decided that you will be staying in a certain area for at least 7 years it is shown that buying is cheaper than renting. a. On April 21st. 2010 the NY Times reported that if you remain in your home for 7 or more years you will save approximately $759/year over renting. b. Did you know you could also use the rent ratio to help determine what areas are better to buy in? To determine rent ratio you look at the average purchase price of a house and divide that by rent of a similar house. If the rate is under 20 it is a good indication to buy i. Some areas that are currently under 20 include Philadelphia, New York. Boston. Washington, Cleveland, Chicago, Dallas, Sacramento and Los Angeles ii. In the 4th quarter of 2005 the rent ratio for Philadelphia was 17. 2, since then it has dropped to 16. 7 (4th quarter of 2009) this shows that now is still a better time to buy then rent in our area. In 2006 I had to evaluate my own circumstances and the Pros and Cons of buying vs. renting. II. I compared what I would pay for a 2 bedroom apt to what I would pay for a home. I found that I could buy a 4 bedroom house in a good area and get a mortgage with a 7. 5% interest rate. My monthly payment would have been the same as renting an apartment. a. Last year I refinanced with all the programs that were being given out because of the financial problems banks were having. I was able to get my interest rate down to 4. % and now my mortgage is only $750/month (and that includes my taxes being escrowed) b. Now where can you rent a 4 bedroom house for $750/month in a good stable area? c. Even though the housing market is on the mend you can still get in on a low interest rate today at about 5. 13%. d. Owning home helps to build equity that you can use later in life for other events like your child going to college; adding an addition to your home. It also lets you be in control of your i nterior decorating and your outdoor landscaping. No need to sit around waiting on a landlord to come fix something that has broken, or losing a deposit if place isn’t in condition the landlord wants it to be in. Buying a home has tax advantages that renting does not. III. When buying a house certain costs can be deducted on your tax returns giving you benefits instead of a landlord. a. Closing costs and points paid are deductible on Schedule A as Itemized deductions. b. You can also deduct your interest payments on your mortgage as well as School Taxes, County Taxes, etc. c. Also recently added was that you can now claim PMI payments. d. Even if your itemized deductions are lower than the standard deduction you can still reap the tax benefits of being a homeowner. i. If you can not itemize you can claim an additional $500/1000 deduction (single/joint) added to the standard deduction line on the tax return. Today I have shown you that buying a home is better then renting. Conclusion Buying saves you money in the long run. You’re investing in your future and providing yourself with stability and security in your community. Your building up equity in your home as you pay off your mortgage and reaping the tax benefits instead of writing a check to a landlord and watching your money go out the window. You can find more information at the following sites: www. Rentlaw. com, www. smartmoney. com, www. hud. gov/buying. comq. cfm, and to find out current mortgage rates you can visit www. bankrate. com I. So let’s stop making others rich and give yourself the financial security and stability you deserve by owning the American dream. Your own home†¦ How to cite Persuasive Speach – Buy vs. Rent, Essays

History & Theory of Architecture

Question: Write about theHistory Theory of Architecture. Answer: A Comparative Analysis of Architecture from Different Periods of History Introduction With regards to this paper, there is comparison among the methods for utilization of wood-based building stuff in customary and modern Turkish design and Roman and Greek designs. This comparative analysis is done as per the biological, financial and socio-cultural manageability (Goodwin, 2003). The idea of supportability is imagined as firmly linked up with the methods for accomplishing practical urban advancement of the European nations. In this specific circumstance, on one hand, the physical and spatial components of customary structures - both amazing structures and cases of civil architecture - are assessed as per manageability signs (ztrk, 2010). Then again, regarding similar signs, another assessment is made for the contemporary cases of architecture. The customary cases for the comparison are selected as of important legacy locales in Europe, while the modern ones are selected from large urban areas where it is conceivable to utilize current building strategies (Kezer, 2000). The comparison of these two sorts of architectures, comprised of a similar building stuff however having diverse structure and building methods, empowers us to set out the standards of maintainable architecture from history to current times and from custom to present-day too. It is considered that, the after-effects of this comparative study could illuminate the path for accomplishing practical urban improvement of decisions with various urban or provincial extents particularly in developing nations, similar to Turkey (Erdim, 2014). Historic Developments Antiquated Roman engineering received the outer dialect of established Greek design for the motivations behind the old Romans, yet contrasted from Greek structures, turning into another building style. The two styles are frequently viewed as one collection of established engineering. Roman engineering prospered in the Roman Republic and significantly more so under the Empire, when the colossal larger part of surviving structures were built. It utilized new materials, especially concrete, and more up to date advancements, for example, the curve and the vault to make structures that were regularly solid and all around designed. Extensive numbers stay in some frame over the realm, at times total and still being used. Roman Architecture entails the period from the foundation of the Roman Republic in 509 BC to about the fourth century AD, following which it moves toward becoming renamed as recent Antique or Byzantine design. No considerable illustrations get by from before around 100 BC, and the greater part of the significant survivals is from the later domain, after around 100 AD. Roman compositional style kept on affecting working in the previous realm for a long time, and the style utilized as a part of Western Europe starting around 1000 is called Romanesque design to mirror this reliance on fundamental Roman structures (Yavuz, 2015). The Romans just started to accomplish critical creativity in design around the start of the Imperial time frame, after they had consolidated parts of their unique Etruscan engineering with others taken from Greece, including most components of the style we now call traditional design. They moved from trabeated development generally in light of sections and lintels to one in view of gigantic dividers, punctuated by curves, and later vaults, both of which enormously created under the Romans (Watkin, 2005). The established needs now turned out to be to a great extent ornamental as opposed to auxiliary, aside from in corridors. Expressive advancements incorporated the Tuscan and Composite requests; the first being an abbreviated, improved variation on the Doric request and the Composite being a difficult request with the botanical embellishment of the Corinthian and the looks of the Ionic. The period from around 40 BC to around 230 AD observed the greater part of the most excellent accom plishments, prior to the Crisis of the Third Century and afterwards inconveniences diminished the riches and arranging influence of the focal government. The Romans created monstrous open structures and works of structural building, and were in charge of noteworthy improvements in lodging and open cleanliness, for instance their open and private showers and restrooms, under-floor warming as the hypocaust, mica coating (cases in Ostia Antica), and channelled hot and icy water (cases in Pompeii and Ostia). The old Romans utilized consistent orthogonal structures on which they shaped their colonies (Erdim, 2014) They likely were roused by Greek and Hellenic cases, and in addition by routinely arranged urban communities that were worked by the Etruscans in Italy. The Romans utilized a united plan for city arranging, created for military guard and common accommodation. The essential arrangement comprised of a focal discussion with city administrations, encompassed by a minimal, rectilinear lattice of boulevards, and wrapped in a divider for barrier. To decrease travel times, two askew lanes crossed the square lattice, going through the focal square. A waterway normally coursed through the city, giving water, transport, and sewage disposal (Ergut, 2014). Hundreds of towns and urban areas were worked by the Romans all through their domain. Numerous European towns, for example, Turin, safeguard the remaining parts of these plans, which demonstrate the extremely coherent way the Romans composed their urban communities. They would lay out the roads at right edges, as a square network (Mengi, 2010). All streets were equivalent in width and length, with the exception of two, which were marginally more extensive than the others. One of these ran eastw est, the other, northsouth, and they crossed in the centre to frame the focal point of the matrix. All streets were made of deliberately fitted banner stones and filled in with littler, hard-stuffed rocks and rocks. Extensions were built where required. Each square separated by four streets was called an insula, what might as well be called a current city piece. Each insula was 80 yards (73 m) square, with the land inside it partitioned. As the city built up, each insula would in the long run be loaded with structures of different shapes and sizes and befuddled with byways and back streets. Most insulae were given to the primary pilgrims of a Roman city, yet every individual needed to pay to develop his own particular house. The city was encompassed by a divider to shield it from intruders and to check as far as possible. Ranges outside city points of confinement were left open as farmland (Gu?rel, 2016). Toward the finish of every primary street was a vast passage with watchtowers. A portcullis secured the opening when the city was under attack, and extra watchtowers were developed along the city dividers (Stierlin and Stierlin, 2002). A reservoir conduit was worked outside the city dividers. The improvement of Greek and Roman urbanization is moderately outstanding, as there are moderately many composed sources, and there has been much thoughtfulness regarding the subject, since the Romans and Greeks are by and large viewed as the principle progenitors of current Western culture (Wesselink Tokyay, 2008). It ought not to be overlooked, however, that the Etruscans had numerous extensive towns and there were additionally different societies with pretty much urban settlements in Europe, essentially of Celtic starting point. Image: Timelines comparisons Source: Ancient Greece is the phase in Greek record going on for near a thousand years, till the ascent of Christianity. It is considered by generally students of history to be the foundational culture of Western development. Greek culture was an effective impact in the Roman domain, which conveyed a form of it to numerous elements of Europe. The soonest recognized individual settlements in Greece were on the isle of Crete, over 9,000 years prior; however there is confirmation of hardware exercise on the island back pedalling more than 100K years. The most primitive proof of a development in ancient Greece is that of the Minoans on Crete, from very past like 3600 BC. On the territory, the Mycenaean culture rose to conspicuousness about 1600 BC, supplanted the Minoan development on Crete, and endured until around 1100 BC, prompting a phase acknowledged as the Greek Dark Eras. The Archaic Period in Greece is for the most part considered to have kept going from approximately the eighth century BC to the intrusion by Xerxes of 480 BC. This era observed the extension of the Greek humankind in the region of the Mediterranean, with the establishing of Greek city-states as far away from home as Sicily within the West and the Black Sea of the East. Politically, the Archaic phase in Greece experienced the fall of the control of the old aristocracies, with fair changes in Athens and the improvement of Sparta's interesting establishment. The finish of the Archaic era additionally observed the ascent of Athens, which would appear to be a prevailing force in the traditional time frame, after the changes of Solon and the oppression of Pisistratus. Taking after the encounter of Corinth in 146 BC, Greece went beneath Roman manage, ruled from the region of Macedonia. In 27 BC, Augustus composed the Greek landmass into the territory of Achaea. Greece stayed under Roman control until the separate of the Roman domain, in which it remained some portion of the Eastern Empire. Quite a bit of Greece stayed in Byzantine power by the finish of the Byzantine domain. The Rome architecture was found to be formed out of the city-condition of Rome, starting as a little horticultural group established on the Italian Peninsula in the ninth century BC. In its 12 centuries of presence, Roman architecture moved from a government to an oligarchic republic to an undeniably despotic realm. Roman architecture is generally seen as the "classical ancient times" withvery old Greece, an architecture that motivated lot of thearchitecture of antique Rome. Ancient Rome had huge contributions to the expansion ofarchitecturein theWestern planet, and itspastis still a big influence on the planet nowadays. The Roman architecture started to govern Europe in addition to the Mediterranean area by take-over and incorporation. All through the domain in the power of ancient Rome, the housings architectures and designs extended from exceptionally humble houses to nation manors. Various Roman established urban communities had amazing structures. Many contained wellsprings with crisp drinking-water provided by several miles of reservoir conduits, theatres, exercise centres, shower buildings at some point with libraries and shops, commercial centres, and sometimes operating sewers. Conclusions In the information of ICLEI (Bhagavatula, Garzillo, Simpson, 2013) it was shown that maintainability, impartiality and security could be accomplished by a principal adjustment of the qualities that form and illuminate the living. The report put pressure on the dedication to live in amicability with surroundings and with the kindred tenants of our planet and the fundamental for guaranteeing that our choices mirror the concerns of the eras in future. Thus, (Holod, Evin, O?zkan, 2005), clarifies the words like- improvement morals incorporating natural intelligence with these words: ?there can be no communal growth morals without ecological astuteness and on the other hand no ecological insight without a social improvement ethics (Kostof, 2010). To choose the correct regional substance at the correct place, for the correct architecture and implement it with the correct framework might be the primary decision to make the vital move (Stierlin, Stierlin, 2002). So, it ought to be stresse d that Turkish wood-based construction tradition, regardless of whether customary or modern, shows the duty of the architects and clients. In any case, extra pressure ought to be put on its need to turn out to be the countrys architecture framework with a specific end goal to accomplish economical urban improvement. References Bhagavatula, L., Garzillo, C., Simpson, R., (2013). Bridging the gap between science and Practice: an ICLEI perspective. Journal Of Cleaner Production, 50, 205-211. Erdim, B., (2014). Esra Akcan. Architecture in Translation: Germany, Turkey, and the Modern House. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2012, xii + 392 pages. New Perspectives On Turkey, 50, 208-212. Ergut, E., (2014). Displaying Abroad: Architecture and Town Planning Exhibitions of Britain in Turkey in the Mid-1940s. New Perspectives On Turkey, 50, 145-170. Goodwin, G., (2003). A history of Ottoman architecture (1st ed.). London: Thames Hudson. Gu?rel, M. (2016). Mid-century modernism in Turkey (1st ed.). Oxon: Routledge. Holod, R., Evin, A., O?zkan, S. (2005). Modern Turkish architecture (1st ed.). Ankara, Turkey: Chamber of Architects of Turkey. Kezer, Z. (2000). Familiar Things in Strange Places: Ankara's Ethnography Museum and the Legacy of Islam in Republican Turkey. Perspectives In Vernacular Architecture, 8, 101. Kostof, S. (2010) - A history of architecture : settings and rituals (2nd ed). Mengi, E. (2010). The European Security Architecture and Turkey. Milletleraras, 001-030. ztrk, H. (2010). The Sadabad Park project in ?stanbul balancing garden heritage conservation and contemporary park design. Journal Of Landscape Architecture, 4(2), 70-81. Stierlin, H., Stierlin, A. (2002). Turkey (1st ed.). Ko?ln: Taschen. Wesselink, B., Tokyay, B. (2008). Development of the Adriatic LNG Terminal Deep Casting Basin Construction Site. SPE Projects, Facilities Construction, 3(04), 1-6. Yavuz, E. (2015). Designing The Unity: Trk Grup Espas And Architecture In Postwar Turkey. METU JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, 32(2), 117-132. Watkin, D. (2005). A history of Western architecture. 1st ed.

Letsgofordinner Company Marketing Goals

Marketing Goals The main marketing goal of the Letsgofordinner Company is to provide customers with the discounts for food in a number of restaurants in Vancouver. The organization works with more than 40 restaurants in the region and constantly increases its capability. The restaurants Letsgofordinner works with are absolutely different and they are not connected with one another by means of chain or other characteristics.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Letsgofordinner Company Marketing Goals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main purpose of the organization is to provide the customers with dinner certificates which give discounts for those who follow the specific rules and conditions. The company market segmentation is provided on the following conditions: a customer may join the organization either as a full member and get a dinner certificate with 50% discount, or on terms of pay-as-you-go member and get 40% discount on the next dinner certificate. The marketing goal of these actions is to create patrons for the specific restaurants in the region. One of the main purposes of the Letsgofordinner is to control the restaurant industry. Considering the information from the website, the organization Letsgofordinner tries to widen its influence and invite more and more restaurants to participate in the program. Thus, more and more customers are interested in saving money on every day dinners. Therefore, new clients join the company every day. The promotional techniques play vital role. Using Facebook as the facility to attract more and more new clients, the organization increases its profit. To measure the success and to track it, the organization uses Sugar CRM. This software helps the company create the list of customers. The main idea of the discount system used in the restaurants with full membership is to redeem the card every week. It is possible to do either on the Letsgofordinner ’s website or in the restaurant. If the procedure takes place in the restaurant, the program helps identify the client and check whether he/she deserves a discount or not. Thus, Sugar CRM software helps the company to be aware of the clients and their activities. Recommended target market segments and strategy for each market segment Having considered the marketing segmentation of the company, it should be mentioned that the system is not really effective. It works rather well and the company receives profit, still, it is possible to increase the company income by means of improving marketing segmentation system. The company should consider the following groups for market segmentation, business people, young couples, students, singles, and patrons.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main idea we offer for market segmentation for Letsgofordinner Company is to identif y the groups of customers which have similar needs. The main purpose of such segmentation is to make the discount possibilities and prices flexible. The customers will be offered the opportunity to choose the discount program they prefer. Considering the life style of business people, it should be stated that they prefer impress the partners with sophisticated substantial dinners. Thus, the list of obligatory items from the menu should include drinks and two courses. Young couples prefer sitting in the romantic atmosphere, eat some snacks and enjoy each other with the glass of wine or champagne. This group should have a bottle of some drink and hot, cold and light snacks. Students are people who need energy, so the food they can be offered for discount should be substantial but not delicate. Singles are people who come to eat, so they should be offered three course menus. Patrons are people who got used to the system and may be offered an opportunity to choose the obligatory courses themselves. Depending on the market segment, the prices on discounts should be different. Key messages targeted to chosen segments The key messages targeted to the considered segments are that dining in the restaurants may be available for different people with different preferences and income. Furthermore, clients should understand that the food they eat may be chosen to match their lifestyle. Expected benefits and challenges of your campaign The main idea of the campaign described in the paper is to make the discount system more flexible and more accessible for some layers of population. Thus, to be the member of Letsgofordinner and redeem a discount now, people should order a bottle of wine and three normal course meals for two. This set of products is inconvenient for some categories of people. Thus, the market segmentation offered above may help increase the rate of customers and attract more people of different interests and income. This report on Letsgofordinner Company Marketing Goals was written and submitted by user Rumiko Fujikawa to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cavalier Poetry at John Milton Essays

Metaphysical/ Cavalier Poetry at John Milton Essays Metaphysical/ Cavalier Poetry at John Milton Paper Metaphysical/ Cavalier Poetry at John Milton Paper Essay Topic: Poetry Metaphysical based on abstract (typically, excessively abstract) reasoning Derogatory showing a critical or disrespectful attitude Acrane understood by few; mysterious or secret Conventional based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed Lyric (of poetry) expressing the writers emotions, usually briefly and in stanzas or recognized forms Conventions a way in which something is usually done, esp. within a particular area or activity Iambic Pentameter a commonly used metrical line in traditional verse and verse drama, 5 metrical feet with 10 syllables Metaphysical conceit uncoventional/ unexpected metaphors Conceit a fanciful expression in writing or speech; an elaborate metaphor Petrarchan conceit a hyperbolic comparison most often made by a suffering lover Profound from, or extending to a great depth; very deep Meditations written or spoken words expressing ones thoughts on a subject Wit mental sharpness and inventiveness; keen intelligence Irony the expression of ones meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect Wordplay the witty exploitation of the meanings and ambiguities of words, esp. in puns Stanza a group of lines forming the basic recurring metrical unit in a poem; a verse Explicit stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or doubt Stalking horse a figure that tests a concept with someone or mounts a challenge against someone on behalf of an anonymous third party Transitory not permanent Levity humor or frivolity, esp. the treatment of a serious matter with humor or in a manner lacking due respect Intent intention or purpose Virtuous having or showing high moral standards Desecration treat (a sacred place or thing) with violent disrespect; violate Laity lay people, as distinct from the clergy Trepidation a feeling of fear or agitation about something that may happen Sublunary belonging to this world as contrasted with a better or more spiritual one Portentous done in a pompously or overly solemn manner so as to impress Persona the aspect of someones character that is presented to or perceived by others. The narrator in To His Coy Mistress takes on a different _____________. Licentous promiscuous and unprincipled in sexual matters Sensuous relating to or affecting the senses rather than the intellect Immediacy the quality of bringing one into direct and instant involvement with something, giving rise to a sense of urgency or excitement Epigrammatic of the nature or in the style of an epigram; concise, clever, and amusing Coy making a pretense of shyness or modesty that is intended to be alluring Quaint attractively unusual or old-fashioned Amorous showing, feeling, or relating to sexual desire Coda concluding event, remark, or section Occasional occurring, appearing, or done infrequently and irregularly Melodious of, producing, or having a pleasant tune; tuneful Conversion the fact of changing ones religion or beliefs or the action of persuading someone else to change theirs Sable black Sultry hot and humid Strife angry or bitter disagreement over fundamental issues; conflict Tarry stay longer than intended; delay leaving a place Mortality the state of being subject to death Invective highly critical language Cloven split or divided in two Infirmity physical or mental weakness Laborious requiring considerable effort and time Pastoral a work of literature portraying an idealized version of country life Elegy a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead Motif a distinctive feature or dominant idea in an artistic or literary composition Tension mental or emotional strain Promotory a point of high land that juts out into a large body of water; a headland Perfidious deceitful and untrustworthy Sanguine blood-red, bloody Mitre a tall headdress worn by bishops and senior abbots as a symbol of office, tapering to a point at front and back with a deep cleft between Contagion the spreading of a harmful idea or practice Privy sharing in the knowledge of something secret Vale valley Wanton deliberate and unprovoked Vernal of, in, or appropriate to spring Interpose place or insert between one thing and another Uncouth lacking good manners, refinement, or grace Monody a poem lamenting a persons death

Twelve Characteristics of Effective Early Childhood Teachers Essay

Twelve Characteristics of Effective Early Childhood Teachers - Essay Example Good teachers strive to read and learn the latest research and instrumental techniques so as to skill their student. They will also be well trained with appropriate developmental characteristics of the age group. Nevertheless, they should develop the love of learning among the students by building on their natural curiosity. They should understand the role of play in young children. They thus provide the necessary equipment (Colker, 2008). It is also essential for them to come up with designs that enable students to develop both large and small motor functions. Good early childhood teachers will use nonbias tools of assessment to monitor the performance of their students. It is tremendously beneficial for them to have excellent classroom management skills with proper rules so as to enhance discipline among students. Lastly they should create an environment whereby students are able to appreciate each other’s differences (Colker,

Quantitative Comparison of Academic Achievement in NYC Public Schools Dissertation

Quantitative Comparison of Academic Achievement in NYC Public Schools vs. NYC Charter Schools Measured by 2009 - 2010 NYS ELA and Math Exams - Dissertation Example According to the research findings charter schools are public schools that operate independently of the district board of education, making them a one-school public school district. They have their own charters written by private individuals: parents, educators, community leaders that enumerate their laws, governance structure and principles. This autonomous setup results in bigger accountabilities for the school. Because of this autonomy and customized curricula, many people believe that charter schools are far more beneficial to children, as compared to public schools. People also believe that charter schools provide better services because of the high standards they set for themselves. There are studies that compare the effectiveness of public schools versus charter schools. However, they differ in their findings. As our understanding of the cognitive development of young children increases, so does the need for high-quality childhood education programs facilitated by confident, c ompetent instructors. The growing appreciation for the potential benefits of quality educational programs has strengthened funding agencies’ and policy makers’ commitment to ensuring all families have access to programming that can support and enhance children’s development, growth, and learning. These benefits can be realized, however, only in high-quality programs with characteristics linked to positive outcomes for children. The establishment of a stable formula for measuring the academic achievement of the students from public schools and charter schools is needed. According to research conducted by Lubienski and Lubienski (2006), public schools and charter schools in New York City are both able to produce students that exemplify academic excellence. Since the No Child Left Behind (NCLB, 2002) legislation was enacted, schools must show that they are contributing to a child’s academic achievement, especially in the areas of English Language Arts (ELA) and Mathematics. Brennan (2009) indicates that New York City public school students outperform their peers from comparable school districts, giving the distinct impression that public schools are also effective educational forums. Conversely, the achievement analysis conducted by Hoxby, Murarka, & Kang (2009) indicates that charter schools are superior to public schools in their ability to educate students in a multitude of academic categories. In addition, Lubienski & Lubienski (2006) indicate that charter school and the â€Å"private-style organizational models† (p.2) were ahead of public schools in providing a model for